Oral health status and oral health related quality of life in Kodhu tribes – A descriptive cross sectional study

Introduction: In this modern era, a significant group of people is living in isolated hilly areas far away from civilization with their custom and beliefs. They are known as “tribes.” “Kodhu” tribe is one of the major Indian tribes present in the remote areas of Visakhapatnam. The objective is to assess the oral health status and oral health-related quality of life and education level in Kodhu Tribe in residing in Araku and Paderu regions of Visakhapatnam. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the Kodhu tribal population situated in the Araku and Paderu areas Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The study comprised of 800 participants selected using a simple random sampling technique. Chi-square test was used to assess the oral health status of the tribal population, while, independent t-test was used for multiple comparison of OHIP-14 and oral health status. A p-value ? 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 800 participants, 458 were illiterate, and 342 were literate. The prevalence of dental caries was 49% among the illiterates while literates had 50.4% prevalence and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.03). The periodontal status prevalence was found to be higher in illiterates (56.4%). The domains that are present in OHIP were found to be significantly associated with dental caries, periodontal status, and oral mucosal lesions (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The oral health status of Kodhu tribe was found to have high prevalence of the periodontal disease and dental caries. Regular oral examination by dental professionals, dental health education, and motivation to maintain oral hygiene should be insisted to improve the oral health status of this tribal community

Factors associated with advanced-stage oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a Brazilian population

Diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in advanced stages may be associated with social nature factors, access to health care, education, occupation, and behavioral/ cultural factors. Aim: To determine the factors related to high clinical-staging in patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma in the oral and oropharyngeal region in a Cancer Center in Brazil between 2009 and 2015. Methods: It is an epidemiological, retrospective, and exploratory study. Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma had their medical records analyzed. The variables considered were sociodemographic, lifestyle, and disease characteristics. Descriptive and exploratory tests (Pearson's, chi-square test and, Student's t-test) were realized. Results: We analyzed 365 patient records, among which 289 (79.17%) were male, and 73 (20.0%) were female. Age ranged from 16 to 101 years, with a mean of 61.13. Regarding education, 157 (43.01%) studied < 8 years, 103 (28.21%) were illiterate and 102 (27.94%) studied > 8 years. 305 (83.56%) patients live in urban areas. There was an association between high clinical-staging and low educational level. For high clinical-staging, symptomatology, tobacco, and alcohol intake as well. Conclusion: Patients with low educational levels tend to report the disease later, and their diagnostics occurred in advanced stages. Thus, specific public health policies for this population, including access to dental care to recognize the clinical signs and early diagnosis, are necessary

Banco de palavras para leitura de escolares do Ensino Fundamental ciclo I, E-LEITURA I / Words database for reading by students from Basic Education I, E-READING I

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar o processo de elaboração de um banco de palavras adequadas ao nível de proficiência de leitura de escolares do Ensino Fundamental I. Método Selecionaram-se palavras de livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa da rede pública de ensino de São Paulo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Optou-se pelos substantivos e adjetivos. Excluíram-se as palavras homófonas, escritas em outros idiomas, com grafia errada, compostas por justaposição, abreviações, advérbios, locuções adverbiais, locuções prepositivas, meses do ano, numerais, palavras no aumentativo ou diminutivo, nomes próprios e gírias. As palavras foram categorizadas segundo frequência de ocorrência nos livros. Para tanto, foram utilizados os tercis da distribuição, a frequência média e o ponto de corte dos tercis. Para detectar possíveis falhas na seleção das palavras, foram selecionados 50 escolares do 1º ao 5º ano (10 por ano escolar) para leitura individual, com duração de 20 minutos, do banco de palavras. Resultados Foram digitadas 286.290 palavras. Após análise dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão e categorização por frequência de ocorrência, o banco ficou constituído por 4.195 palavras. Após leitura pelos escolares, foram excluídas palavras que contemplavam os critérios de exclusão e que geravam desconforto por parte dos alunos. O banco ficou constituído por 4190 palavras, divididas em frequência: baixa (n= 3735, 88,59%), média (n= 374, 8,93%) e alta (n= 81, 1,93%), denominado E-LEITURA I. Conclusão a elaboração de um banco de palavras de baixa, média e alta frequência de ocorrência para servir de estímulo linguístico foi adequadamente alcançado e disponibilizado para a prática clínica e pedagógica.

ABSTRACT Purpose To present the process of elaborating a words database appropriate for the reading proficiency level of elementary school students. Methods Words from Portuguese language textbooks used in the public school system of São Paulo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states of Brazil were selected. We opted for those belonging to the class of nouns and adjectives. Were excluded: homophones; other languages; abbreviations; adverbs; adverbial phrases; prepositional phrases; months of the year; numerals; diminutive or augmentative forms; proper names; misspellings; slang; and words composed by juxtaposition. The words were then categorized according to frequency of occurrence in the textbooks. For this purpose, the tertiles of the distribution, the mean frequency and cutoff point of the tertiles were used. To detect possible mistakes in the words selection, 50 students from the 1st to 5th year, 10 per school year, were selected for individual reading from the database for 20 minutes. Results A total of 286,290 words were typed. After analyzing the inclusion/exclusion criteria and categorizing by frequency of occurrence, the database amounted to 4,195 words. Following the students reading, the E-READING I comprised 4,190 words classified according to frequency: low (n = 3735), medium (n = 374) and high (n = 81). Conclusion The development of a low, medium and high frequency words database, to serve as a linguistic stimulus, was achieved and made available for clinical and pedagogical practice.

Associated Factors for Asthma Severity in Korean Children: A Korean Childhood Asthma Study

PURPOSE: Childhood asthma has a considerable social impact and economic burden, especially in severe asthma. This study aimed to identify the proportion of childhood asthma severity and to evaluate associated factors for greater asthma severity. METHODS: This study was performed on 667 children aged 5–15 years with asthma from the nationwide 19 hospitals in the Korean childhood Asthma Study (KAS). Asthma was classified as mild intermittent, mild persistent, and moderate/severe persistent groups according to the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program recommendations. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify the associated factors for greater asthma severity. RESULTS: Mild persistent asthma was most prevalent (39.0%), followed by mild intermittent (37.6%), moderate persistent (22.8%), and severe persistent asthma (0.6%). Onset later than 6 years of age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.69 for mild persistent asthma; aOR, 1.92 for moderate/severe persistent asthma) tended to increase asthma severity. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (aOR, 1.53 for mild persistent asthma; aOR, 1.85 for moderate/severe persistent asthma), and current dog ownership with sensitization to dog dander (aOR, 5.86 for mild persistent asthma; aOR, 6.90 for moderate/severe persistent asthma) showed increasing trends with greater asthma severity. Lower maternal education levels (aOR, 2.32) and no usage of an air purifier in exposure to high levels of outdoor air pollution (aOR, 1.76) were associated with moderate/severe persistent asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Modification of identified environmental factors associated with greater asthma severity might help better control childhood asthma, thereby reducing the disease burden due to childhood asthma.

Impacts of cognitive impairment for different levels and causes of traumatic brain injury, and education status in TBI patients / Impactos do comprometimento cognitivo para diferentes níveis e causas de traumatismo cranioencefálico e grau de instrução em pacientes lesados

ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of main causes of death and disability among many young and old populations in different countries. Objective: The aim of this study were to consider and predict the cognitive impairments according to different levels and causes of TBI, and education status. Methods: The study was performed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to estimate cognitive impairment in patients at a trauma center in Zahedan city. Individuals were considered eligible if 18 years of age or older. This investigation assessed a subset of patients from a 6-month pilot study. Results: The study participants comprised 66% males and 34% females. Patient mean age was 32.5 years and SD was 12.924 years. One-way analysis of variance between groups indicated cognitive impairment related to different levels and causes of TBI, and education status in patients. There was a significant difference in the dimensions of cognitive impairments for different levels and causes of TBI, and education status. A regression test showed that levels of traumatic brain injury (b=.615, p=.001) and education status (b=.426, p=.001) predicted cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Different levels of TBI and education status were useful for predicting cognitive impairment in patients. Severe TBI and no education were associated with worse cognitive performance and higher disability. These data are essential in terms of helping patients understand their needs. Therefore, the factors identified can help plan effective rehabilitation programs.

RESUMO A lesão cerebral traumática (TCE) é uma das principais causas de morte e incapacidade em muitos jovens e idosos em diferentes países. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi considerar e prever os prejuízos cognitivos para os diferentes níveis e causas do TCE e status de educação. Métodos: O estudo foi feito usando o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE) para estimar o comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes dirigido a um centro de trauma na cidade de Zahedan. Os indivíduos foram considerados elegíveis se tivessem 18 anos de idade ou mais. Esta investigação avaliou um subconjunto de pacientes de um estudo piloto de 6 meses. Resultados: Os participantes do estudo foram 66% do sexo masculino e 34% do sexo feminino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 32,5 anos e DP foi de 12,924 anos. A análise de variância unidirecional entre grupos indicou comprometimento cognitivo relacionado a diferentes níveis e causas de TCE e status de educação em pacientes. Houve uma diferença significativa nas dimensões de deficiências cognitivas para os diferentes níveis e causas de TCE e status de educação. O teste de regressão mostrou que níveis de lesão cerebral traumática (b=0,615, p=0,001) e o status de educação (b=0,426, p=0,001) predizem o comprometimento cognitivo. Conclusão: Os diferentes níveis de TCE e estados de educação foram uteis para prever o comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes. TCE grave e sem educação foram relacionadas a piora do desempenho cognitivo e maior incapacidade. Esses dados são essenciais para ajudar os pacientes a entender o que realmente precisam, portanto, os fatores identificados podem contribuir no planejamento de programas de reabilitação efetivos.

Hospital cognitive screening of patients with no related complaints / Rastreio cognitivo em ambiente hospitalar de pacientes sem queixas relacionadas

ABSTRACT Purposes: to characterize the cognitive performance hospitalized adults and elderly patients with no complaints, check the effect of education and age and correlate the results. Methods: cognitive screening was carried out by the Mini Mental State Examination (MEM) and the Verbal Fluency Test, semantics (FVS) and phonological (FVF) in 25 adults and elderly with no cognitive changes complaints admitted in an internal medicine ward. For statistical analyses, the one-way Anova, followed by post hoc Tukey, the bivariate Person correlation and the nonparametric Fisher's tests were used. Results: a high frequency of cognitive impairment and a moderate correlation among the three tests applied were verified. The educational factor influenced the results of the MEM, the FVF and FVS tests, while the age factor significantly influenced the evidence of MEM and FVS. Conclusion: the data demonstrated that cognitive screening in hospitalized patients without related complaints is important, and that age and education are paramount factors in cognitive performance.

RESUMO Objetivos: caracterizar o desempenho cognitivo de adultos e idosos hospitalizados, sem queixas, considerando o efeito da escolaridade e da idade, e correlacionar os resultados encontrados. Métodos: foi realizado rastreio cognitivo por meio do Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEM) e do Teste de Fluência Verbal, semântica (FVS) e fonológica (FVF), em 25 adultos e idosos sem queixas de alterações cognitivas internados em uma enfermaria de clínica médica. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o teste Anova one way, seguido do teste Post Hoc de Tukey, do teste de correlação bivariada de Pearson e do teste exato de Fisher (não paramétrico) para associação dos resultados. Resultados: evidenciou-se alta frequência de alterações cognitivas e correlação moderada entre os três testes aplicados. O fator escolaridade influenciou os resultados do MEM, do Teste de FVF e FVS, enquanto o fator idade influenciou significantemente apenas as provas de MEM e FVS. Conclusão: os dados demonstram a importância do rastreio cognitivo em pacientes hospitalizados sem queixas relacionadas e, que a idade e a escolaridade são fatores importantes no desempenho cognitivo.

Prevalence Of Sleep Problems Among Those With Internet Gaming Disorder In Singapore

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) involves the excessive use of Internet games that can cause negative consequences like sleep problems, psychological distress, depression and anxiety. It is widely assumed that IGD is closely related with sleep problems, but studies on the topic are scant. Our study aims to explore the association between IGD and sleep problems. Methods: A total of 1085 participants, aged 13-40 years old reported playing Internet games in this self-administered, web-based survey. The instruments used for the study were socio-demographic questions, IGD Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Scale, General Health Questionnaire-12 and Insomnia Severity Index. The cut-off point of 10 and above was used to establish the prevalence of sleep problems in this study. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between socio-demographic factors, IGD and sleep problems. Results: The prevalence of sleep problems among those with IGD was 28.2%. Female online gamers (adjusted odds ratio, OR=0.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-0.9) were more likely to have sleep problems than males. Participants with secondary education (adjusted OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.2-3.0) and post- secondary education (adjusted OR=2.7, 95% CI= 1.2-6.0) were more likely to have sleep problems than those who had completed university. Participants with DSM-5 IGD were more likely to have sleep problems. Psychological distress (adjusted OR 4.8, 95% CI=3.6-6.7) and life satisfaction (B = -3.1, 95% CI= -4.0 to -2.2) was associated with sleep problems. Conclusion: Prevalence of sleep problems with IGD is higher among female gamers and is associated with increased psychological distress and decreased life satisfaction. Integrated health management is needed to promote good sleep hygiene among those diagnosed with IGD. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 17 (1): July – December 2016: XX XX.

Habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas e sua relação com características respiratórias / Cognitive-linguistic skills and their relationship with respiratory characteristics

OBJETIVO: relacionar características respiratórias com o desempenho em habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas de crianças de uma escola pública da grande Belo Horizonte. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo. Das 180 crianças recrutadas 131 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Foram avaliadas 66 crianças da 4ª série e 65 da 3ª série do ensino fundamental, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre nove e dez anos. Foi utilizado um questionário para investigação das características respiratórias e um protocolo previamente publicado e adaptado a população brasileira para avaliação das habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas. As informações coletadas foram analisadas por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal Wallis, ao nível de significância de 1%. RESULTADOS: não foi observado valor de p<0,01 na comparação entre as características respiratórias e as pontuações obtidas por cada série no teste das habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas. Observou-se que 59,1% dos alunos apresentaram escores no questionário de pesquisa das características respiratórias entre zero e quatro pontos, indicando pouco comprometimento respiratório. CONCLUSÃO: não foi encontrada relação significante entre o desempenho de habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas e a presença de características respiratórias em escolares de uma escola pública de Belo Horizonte, sendo que as crianças que apresentaram sinais e sintomas de alterações respiratórias não obtiveram desempenho abaixo daquelas sem estas alterações nas habilidades avaliadas.

PURPOSE: to relate respiratory characteristics with cognitive-linguistic skills performance of children from a public school of the region of Belo Horizonte. METHOD: a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. From the 180 enrolled children, 131 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We evaluated 66 children in the 4th grade and 65 children in the 3rd grade of the elementary education, from both genders, with ages going between nine and ten year old. We utilized a questionnaire for assessment of respiratory characteristics and a previously published protocol and adapted to the Brazilian population in order to assess the cognitive-linguistic skills. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis test at a significance level of 1%. RESULTS: there was not observed a p-value <0.01 in comparison between the respiratory characteristics and the cognitive-linguistic skills’ score obtained by each series. We observed that 59.1% of students had scores in a questionnaire for assessment of respiratory characteristics between zero and four points, indicating some impairment in respiratory variables studied. We obtained a significant p value for comparisons between the performance in cognitive-linguistic skills and the presence of respiratory disorders in the studied series. CONCLUSION: no significant relationship was found between the performance of cognitive-linguistic skills and the presence of respiratory characteristics in students from the same public school of Belo Horizonte city, and the children who showed respiratory changes didn´t have performance below those without these changes in the assessed skills.

Relação de escolaridade, faixa etária e profissão de mães com a oferta de chupeta e mamadeira a seus filhos / Relationship of schooling level, age group and mother profession with offer of pacifier and baby's bottles to your children

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação do grau de escolaridade, faixa etária e a profissão das mães com a oferta de chupeta e mamadeira a seus filhos MÉTODO: participaram deste estudo 190 mães de crianças entre 0 e 10 anos de idade, com idades de 20 a 45 anos que responderam a um questionário com questões fechadas a respeito de profissão, nível de escolaridade e uso de chupeta e mamadeira de seus filhos RESULTADOS: não foi observada diferença significante entre o grau de escolaridade quanto ao uso de chupeta (p= 0,915). O uso de mamadeira foi significantemente maior nos filhos de mães com ensino superior (p= 0,0124). Não houve diferença significante quanto à faixa etária das mães e a presença desses hábitos nos filhos (chupeta: p=0,427; mamadeira: p=0,427); e, entre mães que trabalham em casa e que trabalham fora de casa (chupeta: p=0,061; mamadeira: p=0,798). Não houve diferença entre mães que trabalham na área da saúde e em outras áreas (chupeta: p=0,339; mamadeira: p=0,455) CONCLUSÃO: as mães com nível superior de escolaridade oferecem significantemente mais mamadeira aos seus filhos, o que não ocorreu quanto ao uso de chupeta. Não foi observada diferença significante quanto ao uso de chupeta e mamadeira em relação à faixa etária e profissão de mães.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the relationships among schooling level, age group and mother profession with offer of pacifier and baby's bottles to your children. METHOD: 190 mothers with ages varying from 20 to 45 having children from 0 to 10 took part in this study. Mothers answered a questionnaire with questions regarding profession, schooling level and use of nipples and baby's bottles by their children. RESULTS: no significant differences were found between mothers having primary or secondary education and mothers with higher education regarding the use of nipples (p= 0.915). On the other hand, baby's bottle use was significantly higher among children of mothers with higher education (p= 0.0124). No significant difference regarding age group of mothers and the presence of these habits in children or between mothers who work in the house and those who work outside as regards the use of nipples (p=0.427; p=0.061) and baby's bottles (p=0.427; p=0.798). We also observed no difference among mothers who work in the health area and those working in other fields (nipples: p=0.339; baby's bottles: p=0.455). CONCLUSION: mothers with higher education offer significantly more baby's bottles to their children, but not nipples. No significant difference was observed as for the use of nipples and baby's bottles as related to age group and mothers' profession.

Desempenho ortográfico de escolares do 2º ao 5º ano do ensino particular / Spelling performance of students of 2nd to 5th grade from private teaching

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar, comparar e classificar o desempenho dos escolares do 2º ao 5º ano do ensino particular segundo a semiologia dos erros. MÉTODO: foram avaliados 115 escolares do 2º ao 5º ano, sendo 27 do 2°ano, 30 do 3° e 4° ano e 28 do 5° ano escolar, divididos em quatro grupos, respectivamente GI, GII, GIII e GIV. As provas do protocolo de avaliação da ortografia - Pró-Ortografia foram divididas em: versão coletiva (escrita de letras do alfabeto, ditado randomizado das letras do alfabeto, ditado de palavras, ditado de pseudopalavras, ditado com figuras, escrita temática induzida por figura) e versão individual (ditado de frases, erro proposital, ditado soletrado, memória lexical ortográfica). RESULTADOS: houve diferença estatisticamente significante na comparação intergrupos, indicando que com o aumento da média de acertos em todas as provas da versão coletiva e individual e com o aumento da seriação escolar, os grupos diminuíram a média de erros na escrita com base na semiologia do erro. A maior freqüência de erros encontrada foi de ortografia natural. CONCLUSÃO: os dados deste estudo evidenciaram que o aumento da média de acertos de acordo com a seriação escolar pode ser indicativo do funcionamento normal de desenvolvimento da escrita infantil nesta população. A maior frequência de erros de ortografia natural encontrada indica que pode não estar ocorrendo instrução formal sobre a correspondência fonema-grafema, uma vez que os mesmos estão na dependência direta da aprendizagem da regra de correspondência direta fonema-grafema.

PURPOSE: to characterize, compare and classify the performance of students from 2nd to 5th grades of private teaching according to the semiology of errors. METHOD: 115 students from the 2nd to 5th grades, 27 from the 2nd grade, 30 students from the 3rd and 4th grades, and 28 from the 5th grade divided into four groups, respectively, GI, GII, GIII and GIV, were evaluated. The tests of Spelling Evaluation Protocol - Pro-Orthography were divided into: collective version (writing letters of the alphabet, randomized dictation of letters, word dictation, non-word dictation, dictation with pictures, thematic writing induced by picture) and individual version (dictation of sentences, purposeful error, spelled dictation, spelling lexical memory). RESULTS: there was a statistically significant difference in inter-group comparison indicating that there was an increase in average accuracy for all tests as for the individual and collective version. With the increase in grade level, the groups decreased the average of writing errors based on the semiology of errors. We found a higher frequency of natural spelling errors. CONCLUSION: data from this study showed that the increase in average accuracy according to grade level may be an indicative for normal development of student's writing in this population. The higher frequency of natural spelling errors found indicates that formal instruction on phoneme-grapheme correspondence may not be occurring, since that they are directly dependent on the learning of the rule of direct phoneme-grapheme correspondence.

Desempenho ortográfico de escolares do 2º e 5º ano do ensino privado do município de Londrina / Spelling performance of students of 2nd to 5th grade from private education in the city of Londrina

Objetivos: Elaborar uma bateria de provas que visam a avaliar o nível de conhecimento ortográfico do sistema de escrita alfabético do português do Brasil; caracterizar, comparar e classificar o desempenho dos escolares de 2º ao 5º ano do ensino particular segundo a semiologia dos erros. Método: Foram elaboradas provas específicas para esse fim, seguindo os princípios ortográficos da língua portuguesa do Brasil. Foram avaliados 120 escolares do 2º ao 5º ano, sendo 30 de cada série escolar divididos em quatro grupos, respectivamente GI, GII, GIII e GIV. As provas elaboradas e aplicadas foram divididas em: versão coletiva (escrita das letras do alfabeto, ditado aleatório das letras do alfabeto, ditado de palavras, ditado de pseudopalavras, ditado com figuras, escrita temática induzida por figura) e versão individual (ditado de frases, erro proposital, ditado soletrado, memória lexical ortográfica). Resultados: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na comparação intergrupos, indicando o aumento da média de acertos em todas as provas da versão coletiva e individual. Com o aumento da seriação escolar, os grupos diminuíram a média de erros na escrita com base na semiologia do erro. Conclusão: Os dados deste estudo indicam que o perfil da aquisição da ortografia do sistema de escrita do português encontrado nesses escolares do ensino privado pode ser indicativo do funcionamento normal de desenvolvimento da escrita infantil nessa população.

Aims: To elaborate a battery of tests that aimed to determine the level of orthographic knowledge of the alphabetic writing system of Brazilian Portuguese, to characterize, to compare and to classify the performance of students from 2nd to 5th grades of private education according to the semiology of errors. Methods: We developed specific tests for this purpose, following the spelling principles of Portuguese in Brazil. We evaluated 120 children from the 2nd to 5th grades, 30 students of each level divided into four groups, respectively, GI, GII, GIII and GIV. The tests elaborated and applied were divided into: collective version (written in letters of the alphabet, randomized dictation of letters, word dictation, nonword dictation, dictation with pictures, thematic writing induced by picture) and individual version (dictation of sentences, purposeful error, spelled dictation, spelling lexical memory). Results: There was a statistically significant difference in inter-group comparison indicating that there was an increase in average accuracy for all tests of the individual and collective version. With the increase of grade level, the groups decreased the average of writing errors based on the semiology of the error. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the profile of spelling acquisition of the Portuguese writing system found in these private students may be indicative of normal development of children's writing in this population.

Factores que afectan la trayectoria escolar de egresadas(os) de enfermería / Risk factors affecting school graduates of Nursing

Resumen

Introducción: en la educación se pretende alcanzar patrones de calidad y excelencia, para lograrlo es importante realizar estudios sobre trayectoria escolar.

Objetivos: analizar y correlacionar factores que afectan la trayectoria escolar de egresadas(os) de la cuarta generación de la licenciatura en enfermería y compararlos con las tres generaciones anteriores.

Metodología: estudio con 104 egresados de la cuarta generación de la licenciatura en enfermería de la FES Iztacala. Se incluyó como variable dependiente trayectoria escolar y como independiente factores que intervienen. Se aplicó instrumento que obtuvo un alpha de Crombach de 0.942 y se aplicaron pruebas de correlación. Se retomó información de las tres generaciones anteriores.

Resultados: 58.7 % de las tres primeras generaciones y 59 % de la cuarta eligió la carrera como primera opción, el promedio de ingreso y de egreso aumenta de 8.25 a 8.80 en las tres primeras generaciones y de 8.48 a 8.70 en la cuarta, 84.3 % tuvieron siempre apoyo económico por parte de los padres, en 83.7 % la dinámica familiar fue propicia para sus estudios, los módulos muy complejos fueron: Procesos homeostáticos, Enfermería en la Salud del Adulto y Metodología de la Investigación, 80.7 % recibió apoyo académico de sus profesores. Se obtuvo χ2 = 3.613, gl = 2, p = 0.164, en general los factores son los mismos para todas las generaciones.

Discusión: los resultados coinciden con los de Acevedo y Meuly (2007), el promedio del bachillerato se mantiene en la licenciatura.

Conclusiones: la trayectoria escolar en relación al aprovechamiento, mejoró respecto al bachillerato no obstante la presencia de factores adversos.

Summary

Introduction: in education to reach quality standards and excellence, it is important to make a research about the school career.

Objective: analyze and correlate the factors affecting the school careers of graduated students of the fourth generation of nursing degree and compare the results with three generations before.

Methodology: a research of 104 graduated students of Nursing degree fourth generation of FES Iztacala. Was included as the dependent variable the school career and as the independent variable the factors affecting. A Test was used to obtain a Cronbach's alpha of 0.942 and correlation tests were applied. Information about three generations before was taken.

Results: 58.7 % of the first three generations and 59 % of the fourth one chose the career at first, the in and out average increase from 8.25 to 8.80 in the three generations before, and from 8.48 to 8.70 in the fourth, 87 % had always economic support from their parents, 83.7 % had family provision to study, hard modules were: Homeostatic processes, Nursing Adult Health and Research Methodology, 80.7 % received academic support from their teachers. Was obtained χ2= 3,613, df = 2, p = 0. 164, in general the factors are the same for all generations.

Discussion: results coincide with the Acevedo’s and Meuly (2007), most of high school students continue in Nursing degree.

Conclusions: school careers related to development, improved in high school despite of adverse factors.

A influência do gênero e da escolaridade no diagnóstico de demência / The influence of gender and educational level on the diagnosis of dementia

Um problema no diagnóstico das demências é a ausência de informação prévia sobre o nível cognitivo dos pacientes, anterior às manifestações atuais. A análise das discrepâncias nos testes cognitivos torna-se assim uma referência para o diagnóstico. A relação entre gênero, nível de escolaridade, experiência profissional e resultados da avaliação neuropsicológica foi analisada a partir de prontuários clínicos de pacientes idosos. A amostra masculina de nível superior apresentou médias significativamente menores nas subescalas de execução em relação às verbais. Apesar do nível de escolaridade e da atividade intelectual ocultarem a perda de performance nos quadros demenciais, a análise das discrepâncias evidencia as quedas de rendimento. Na amostra feminina, com menor nível de escolaridade, embora os resultados mostrassem deficiência cognitiva, não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre os subtestes verbais e de execução. A análise da covariância indicou que o nível de escolaridade, e não o gênero, foi o fator responsável pela diferença.

A major problem with the early diagnosis of dementia is the lack of prior information about the cognitive level of patients before the current expression of the symptoms. The analysis of discrepancies in cognitive tests has become a reference for driving the diagnosis. Based on neuropsychological assessments of dementia in elderly patients, the present study analyzed the relationship between gender, level of education and professional experience. The WAIS-III, Rey auditory verbal learning, Folstein and Zülliger tests were employed. Results indicated that male subjects with higher education presented lower scores in the performance subtest when compared to the verbal subtest. Although educational status and intellectual activity had a tendency to mask the loss of performance in dementia disorder, the evaluation of the discrepancies indicated a reduction in efficiency. In the sample of females, with lower levels of schooling, although the results indicated a tendency towards cognitive impairment, no differences between verbal and performance subtests were detected. A covariance analysis indicated that the level of education was the variable responsible for this difference, and not gender.

Coerência e coesão em textos narrativos de alunos da região Amazônica / Coherence and cohesion in narrative texts of students in the Amazon region

Investigar a influencia da escolaridade sobre o desenvolvimento da coerência e da coesão de narrativas textuais de escolares do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública do município de Monte Negro (Rondônia) foi o objetivo deste estudo. A amostra foi constituída por 144 crianças que foram solicitadas a produzir um texto com tema pré-estabelecido pelas avaliadoras, sem limite de tempo. Os textos coletados foram analisados de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. A analise da coerência permitiu as seguintes considerações: a quase totalidade da amostra manteve o tema proposto, independentemente das series consideradas; o enredo empregado nas narrativas foi significantemente maior nos alunos das terceiras e quartas series, sendo que o tipo de enredo não evidenciou diferenças significativas entre as series. Quanto a coesão, verificou-se comprometimento para a maioria dos alunos avaliados, sem diferenças significativas entre as series. Alem disso, a maioria dos alunos fez use de conectivos, mas não utilizou adequadamente as pontuações internas, não tendo sido constatadas diferenças entre as series. Verificou-se, portanto, que a escolaridade influenciou a coerência textual, uma vez que o enredo predominou de forma significativa nos alunos da 3ª e 4ª séries.

The investigation of the influence schooling has on the development of coherence and cohesion of textual narratives of primary public school children in Monte Negro (Rondônia) was the objective of this study. The sample comprised 144 children who were asked to draft a text without any time limit and with a topic that was pre-established by the assessors. The collected data were analyzed in a qualitative and quantitative manner. The coherence analysis al-lowed for the following considerations: almost all the sample studied stuck to the topic at hand, regardless of the grades; the plot employed in the narratives was significantly more developed in the students of the third and fourth grades, but the plot type did not show any significant difference between the grades. Regarding cohesion, a deficit was found in most of the students assessed, without any significant differences between the grades. Moreover, most of the schoolchildren made use of connectives, but did not use internal punctuation properly, with no significant differences between the grades. It was confirmed that schooling did influence textual coherence, given the significant predominance of the plot on the part of students of the third and fourth grades.

Reforming Educational Model of Medical Ethics and Improving Medical Students' Integrative Quality / 中国医学伦理学

The consistgncy of fostering high quality persons with excellent medical knowledge and medical moral has been the basic change of higher medical education adapting to current medical model and it is start and stay point of realizing medical educational goal.Therefore,higher medical school should focus on the stutas and function that medical ethical moral education plays in education according to the present condition of students' moral realizing level.This article puts forward that higher education school should make full use of medical ethical moral course and arouse major teacher's teaching positivity and strengthen medical ethical moral propaganda and educating function of managing work.